In my last post, I talked about what happens when a person reaches his or her "breaking point." I have a particular interest in this topic because I think about it a lot when working with patients. It is important for me to have at least some idea of how much anxiety a patient can tolerate; this is especially true with those patients who have experienced some sort of trauma.
Even a single traumatic experience can leave a person feeling vulnerable and out of control. It can shatter a person's sense of safety and cause him to view the world as a dangerous place. This creates a significant amount of anxiety. (In fact, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is classified as an anxiety disorder). The person becomes hypervigilant in an effort to identify and neutralize potential threats (which he believes are everywhere). Maintaining this level of emotional arousal is exhausting. His need to be ever alert and on guard, however, prevents him from relaxing to the degree necessary for truly restful sleep. As a result, he becomes even more exhausted. His functioning begins to deteriorate. What little energy he has is directed towards trying to keep himself safe from threats, both real and imagined.
This is often the state in which I first encounter a patient. His symptoms have started to become overwhelming and he is doing everything he can to "keep it together." Before I can even think about trying to help him I need to assess his "ego strength."
According to Brown, et. al. (1979), ego strength refers to an individual's ability "to hold on to his own identity despite psychic pain, distress, [and] turmoil, [from] internal forces as well as the demands of reality." In other words, how much distress can a person tolerate without falling apart? In her "Nueroscience and Relationships" blog (http://blogs.psychcentral.com/relationships/), Dr. Athena Staik describes ego strength as "the resiliency or strength of your core sense of self, the extent to which you can face challenging events or persons, without feeling so overwhelmed that you take desperate action, perhaps with little or no thought to consequences."
Exposure therapy (or prolonged exposure therapy) is one of the most effective treatment approaches for overcoming a traumatic experience. The treatment requires a person to access his memories of the traumatic event and to allow himself to experience whatever feelings these memories evoke. It also asks the patient to confront situations that now feel unsafe to him but that are, in reality, perfectly safe.
Exposure therapy can be pretty intense and would probably be overwhelming for someone with very low ego strength. (There are plenty of other treatments that are beneficial for patients with low ego strength). The problem is, it is not always easy to determine which patients have good ego strength and which do not. I've had the unfortunate experience of believing a patient could handle exposure therapy only to have him decompensate a few sessions into it. (This has happened on multiple occasions, actually, and not just to me. Several of my coworkers have had simliar experiences).
When I say a patient decompensates I mean that the therapy pushes him past his breaking point. I've seen patients become suicidal. One of my coworkers had a patient check herself into the psychiatric hospital because she couldn't guarantee she wouldn't try to kill herself. Some patients start to have intrusive flashbacks or their nightmares get so bad that they become afraid to go to sleep. A person who decompensates completely will become psychotic (and would probably have to be hospitalized), although this has never happened with any of my patients.
So therein lies my dilemma. How do I know when to "push" (i.e., encourage) a patient to stick with the treatment and when to back off? Is it my job to say to a patient, "Look, I don't think you can handle this?" And what if I'm wrong? Then I'm depriving him of treatment that could really be helpful. But what if I keep pushing and the patient decompensates? Is it my fault? Am I responsible for having pushed the patient "over the edge?"
There doesn't seem to be a clear cut answer to this. My solution has been to put the ball in the patients' court. I say something like this: "Only you know where your limit is. My job is to push you to that limit, but not beyond it. If you feel like you're close to going over the edge, please let me know. We'll stop, regroup, and figure out where to go from there."
Of course, the assumption here is that people know their own limits. This may not always be true. In fact, I cannot say for certain where my own breaking point lies. I know there have been times when I felt so overwhelmed that I wished I would just fall apart completely; at least it would provide an escape from myself and my life. In reallity though, I suspect I've never even come close to my breaking point. I am fortunate enough never to have been faced with stressors so overwhelming that I was not able to cope with them.
What about you? Where is your breaking point? How do you know when you're too close for comfort?
Saturday, April 7, 2012
Saturday, March 31, 2012
Breakdown
We seem to be hearing about it a lot these days. Kony 2012 film creator Jason Russell strips naked on a San Diego street corner. He paces, apparently agitated, and begins beating his fists on the sidewalk. A JetBlue pilot exits the cockpit mid-flight and goes into a lengthy rant. He talks about Iraq and Afghanistan and at one point claims there is a bomb on the plane. He then starts banging on the cockpit door and has to be physically subdued by a group of passengers.
These are seemingly "normal" people, probably dealing with the same types of daily stressors we all face. They, like us, are going about the business of living life, with all the ups and downs that come with it...
Until something happens. They have a meltdown. They reach their breaking point; they snap. They crack up, have a nervous breakdown, fall apart, come unglued, etc. None of these are actual diagnoses, but the terms are part of our shared vernacular nonetheless. They all refer to the collapse of mental and emotional strength in the face of overwhelming stress. They all attempt to describe what happens when a person's stress reaches the point at which it overwhelms his ability to cope. This can be due to the accumulation of stress over time; it can also occur in response to a single traumatic event.
So what happens when a person reaches his breaking point? While no two people are the same, I believe it is possible to classify the majority of possible experiences into a few broad categories.
Psychosis: When a person becomes psychotic, his or her sense of reality becomes distorted. He may see or hear things that aren't really there (hallucinations). He may hold firm to beliefs that are inconsistent with what is actually taking place (delusions). His thoughts are often disorganized, making it difficult to think clearly or to make sense of his experiences. This is apparently what happened to Jason Russell.
Suicide: This refers not only to committing suicide but also to attempting or even seriously contemplating it. A person seeks to end his own life when he sees no other way to cope with reality as it exists. He reaches a point where he believes he has no other options.
Inability to function at the level required to complete activities necessary for survival: When a person reaches this point, he may not be able to bring himself to get out of bed in the morning. Instead of going to work or to school (or instead of getting his kids off to school or doing whatever it is he is responsible for doing in the morning), he simply stays in bed. He doesn't bother getting up to eat or to shower. He isolates himself from his friends and family. He lacks the energy and/or motivation to continue participating in life.
Extreme/erratic behaviors: Often the behavior in question is an impulsive one. For example, a person's boss criticizes him. Overwhelmed by a multitude of stressors, he simply snaps. He physically attacks his boss and has to be restrained by several coworkers. The behavior of the aforementioned JetBlue pilot also falls into this category. Sometimes the behavior is slightly less extreme but is completely out of character and not something the person would likely do under "normal" circumstances. For example, I once knew someone who had graduated college a few months earlier and was feeling overwhelmed by the stress of her first "real" job. She was a very responsible and conscientious person by nature. She was scheduled to work one evening but, when the time came, she just could not bring herself to go. Instead, she got in her car and just started driving. She ended up several hundred miles away, in a neighboring state. Her family became worried when her supervisor called to ask why she hadn't come to work. She essentially "ran away" from life, leaving behind everyone and everything.
Could this happen to anybody? Do we all have a breaking point? I've often wondered about this, particularly in the case of psychosis. Is it possible that any one of us could break with reality and become psychotic if faced with overwhelming trauma or stress? I honestly don't know. I am, however, fairly certain that we all have some sort of "breaking point." Naturally, we all vary in our ability to cope with stress; some people are able to tolerate higher levels than others. Still, nobody's ability to cope is unlimited; we all have limits to what we can endure. It is important for us to remember that we cannot allow stress to accumulate unattended and expect to remain unaffected by it. We significantly decrease the likelihood that we will ever reach our "breaking point" by coping with individual stressors as they arise and by making self care a priority.
These are seemingly "normal" people, probably dealing with the same types of daily stressors we all face. They, like us, are going about the business of living life, with all the ups and downs that come with it...
Until something happens. They have a meltdown. They reach their breaking point; they snap. They crack up, have a nervous breakdown, fall apart, come unglued, etc. None of these are actual diagnoses, but the terms are part of our shared vernacular nonetheless. They all refer to the collapse of mental and emotional strength in the face of overwhelming stress. They all attempt to describe what happens when a person's stress reaches the point at which it overwhelms his ability to cope. This can be due to the accumulation of stress over time; it can also occur in response to a single traumatic event.
So what happens when a person reaches his breaking point? While no two people are the same, I believe it is possible to classify the majority of possible experiences into a few broad categories.
Psychosis: When a person becomes psychotic, his or her sense of reality becomes distorted. He may see or hear things that aren't really there (hallucinations). He may hold firm to beliefs that are inconsistent with what is actually taking place (delusions). His thoughts are often disorganized, making it difficult to think clearly or to make sense of his experiences. This is apparently what happened to Jason Russell.
Suicide: This refers not only to committing suicide but also to attempting or even seriously contemplating it. A person seeks to end his own life when he sees no other way to cope with reality as it exists. He reaches a point where he believes he has no other options.
Inability to function at the level required to complete activities necessary for survival: When a person reaches this point, he may not be able to bring himself to get out of bed in the morning. Instead of going to work or to school (or instead of getting his kids off to school or doing whatever it is he is responsible for doing in the morning), he simply stays in bed. He doesn't bother getting up to eat or to shower. He isolates himself from his friends and family. He lacks the energy and/or motivation to continue participating in life.
Extreme/erratic behaviors: Often the behavior in question is an impulsive one. For example, a person's boss criticizes him. Overwhelmed by a multitude of stressors, he simply snaps. He physically attacks his boss and has to be restrained by several coworkers. The behavior of the aforementioned JetBlue pilot also falls into this category. Sometimes the behavior is slightly less extreme but is completely out of character and not something the person would likely do under "normal" circumstances. For example, I once knew someone who had graduated college a few months earlier and was feeling overwhelmed by the stress of her first "real" job. She was a very responsible and conscientious person by nature. She was scheduled to work one evening but, when the time came, she just could not bring herself to go. Instead, she got in her car and just started driving. She ended up several hundred miles away, in a neighboring state. Her family became worried when her supervisor called to ask why she hadn't come to work. She essentially "ran away" from life, leaving behind everyone and everything.
Could this happen to anybody? Do we all have a breaking point? I've often wondered about this, particularly in the case of psychosis. Is it possible that any one of us could break with reality and become psychotic if faced with overwhelming trauma or stress? I honestly don't know. I am, however, fairly certain that we all have some sort of "breaking point." Naturally, we all vary in our ability to cope with stress; some people are able to tolerate higher levels than others. Still, nobody's ability to cope is unlimited; we all have limits to what we can endure. It is important for us to remember that we cannot allow stress to accumulate unattended and expect to remain unaffected by it. We significantly decrease the likelihood that we will ever reach our "breaking point" by coping with individual stressors as they arise and by making self care a priority.
Saturday, March 24, 2012
Thanks, I just needed to vent
According to the free dictionary, to "vent" is to give outlet to thoughts or emotions. Alternatively, it is to unburden oneself of strong, pent up emotions.
We have probably all had the experience of needing to vent. We are upset about something and we feel like we might explode if we don't share it with someone. For most of us, the identity of that someone matters. We don't just go around venting to anyone who will listen. Rather, we have a small group of people we feel comfortable venting to. When we feel overwhelmed, we call one of these people and share our frustration. By the end of the call, we tend to feel a bit better. "Thanks for listening," we tell them. "I just needed to vent."
The experience is so common that we don't really think about it. Sometimes people need to vent; we vent, we feel better, right?
Actually, the research on venting is pretty clear. Venting negative emotions leads to an increase in their intensity. This is especially true when dealing with anger but seems to apply to other negative emotions as well.
This seems to conflict with what we know from our own experience, right? Not necessarily. The literature seems to equate venting with throwing a "temper tantrum." Personally, I refer to this tantrum-like activity as "bitching." Others refer to it as whining or chronic complaining. It implies the chronic, excessive expression of negative thoughts and feelings. It is expression that serves no purpose; the expression itself is the goal.
Now this is something I'm familiar with! I have, on occasion, had patients like this. In fact, it was my current frustration with just such a patient that led me to write a post about venting. My colleagues informed me that there is actually a name for this type of patient (or person, if the person purports to be asking for help): help-rejecting complainer. I know, it seems a bit perjorative. But if the shoe fits...
Let's go back to venting though. So that we don't confuse venting with throwing a temper tantrum, let's define it as "verbally expressing negative thoughts and emotions." When defined this way, can venting be therapeutic? The answer is yes. There are a number of circumstances in which verbally expressing negative thoughts or feelings to another person can be helpful.
When someone "vents" to me, my initial response is the same, whether I'm in the role of therapist, friend, spouse, sister, or daughter: I listen and I validate. I think that's what most of us want when we express our thouhts and feelings. We want someone to understand how we feel and we want someone to tell us it's okay for us to feel that way. For everyday frustrations, this is often enough to make the person venting feel better.
As a therapist, this is a good first step. Listening empathically and validating a patient's emotions helps to build rapport. The patient feels understood, validated, valued, and accepted; he or she leaves the first session with positive feelings about the therapist. Venting in and of itself, however, does not bring about lasting change. To be truly therapeutic, venting must be used as a catalyst for identifying patterns and gaining insight. For a patient to make use of venting in therapy, he or she must be willing to accept feedback about the material vented. The goal is for the patient to begin to consider alternative perspectives or to identify methods for accepting, tolerating, or coping.
All of us can benefit from considering a few things the next time we "need to vent." Venting is not always helpful and can sometimes cause our negative emotions to intensify. Do we simply need to be heard and validated? Do we just want to know that someone understands? Are you willing to accept feedback? Are you willing to consider other ways of looking at the situation? Are you asking for help? Or do you just want someone to listen? If the latter is true, let the other person know you just need them to listen.
We have probably all had the experience of needing to vent. We are upset about something and we feel like we might explode if we don't share it with someone. For most of us, the identity of that someone matters. We don't just go around venting to anyone who will listen. Rather, we have a small group of people we feel comfortable venting to. When we feel overwhelmed, we call one of these people and share our frustration. By the end of the call, we tend to feel a bit better. "Thanks for listening," we tell them. "I just needed to vent."
The experience is so common that we don't really think about it. Sometimes people need to vent; we vent, we feel better, right?
Actually, the research on venting is pretty clear. Venting negative emotions leads to an increase in their intensity. This is especially true when dealing with anger but seems to apply to other negative emotions as well.
This seems to conflict with what we know from our own experience, right? Not necessarily. The literature seems to equate venting with throwing a "temper tantrum." Personally, I refer to this tantrum-like activity as "bitching." Others refer to it as whining or chronic complaining. It implies the chronic, excessive expression of negative thoughts and feelings. It is expression that serves no purpose; the expression itself is the goal.
Now this is something I'm familiar with! I have, on occasion, had patients like this. In fact, it was my current frustration with just such a patient that led me to write a post about venting. My colleagues informed me that there is actually a name for this type of patient (or person, if the person purports to be asking for help): help-rejecting complainer. I know, it seems a bit perjorative. But if the shoe fits...
Let's go back to venting though. So that we don't confuse venting with throwing a temper tantrum, let's define it as "verbally expressing negative thoughts and emotions." When defined this way, can venting be therapeutic? The answer is yes. There are a number of circumstances in which verbally expressing negative thoughts or feelings to another person can be helpful.
When someone "vents" to me, my initial response is the same, whether I'm in the role of therapist, friend, spouse, sister, or daughter: I listen and I validate. I think that's what most of us want when we express our thouhts and feelings. We want someone to understand how we feel and we want someone to tell us it's okay for us to feel that way. For everyday frustrations, this is often enough to make the person venting feel better.
As a therapist, this is a good first step. Listening empathically and validating a patient's emotions helps to build rapport. The patient feels understood, validated, valued, and accepted; he or she leaves the first session with positive feelings about the therapist. Venting in and of itself, however, does not bring about lasting change. To be truly therapeutic, venting must be used as a catalyst for identifying patterns and gaining insight. For a patient to make use of venting in therapy, he or she must be willing to accept feedback about the material vented. The goal is for the patient to begin to consider alternative perspectives or to identify methods for accepting, tolerating, or coping.
All of us can benefit from considering a few things the next time we "need to vent." Venting is not always helpful and can sometimes cause our negative emotions to intensify. Do we simply need to be heard and validated? Do we just want to know that someone understands? Are you willing to accept feedback? Are you willing to consider other ways of looking at the situation? Are you asking for help? Or do you just want someone to listen? If the latter is true, let the other person know you just need them to listen.
Sunday, March 18, 2012
Do therapists practice what they preach?
Most people probably assume that their therapist is mentally and emotionally healthy. After all, the therapist seems to have it all together: a good job, nice office, nice clothes, and a consistently calm demeanor that is both comforting and reassuring. It certainly makes sense that a therapist should have good mental and emotional health; she has all the necessary tools and she knows how to use them. But do therapists practice what they preach?
I can't speak for all therapists; I can only speak for myself. Am I the picture of perfect mental and emotional functioning? Absolutely not. I do, however, practice what I preach. One of the reasons I am able to "sell" certain strategies to my patients is because I know from personal experience that they work. I'm a walking testimonial. I'm quite proud of this. I started out insecure and emotionally unstable. Learning to "do" therapy is an ongoing process that for me started when I got my first job out of college. From day one I started using what I learned to help myself. I've come a long way since then and I'm proud of myself.
Imagine my chagrin, then, when six months into my marriage my mother suggested that my husband and I needed marriage counseling. I resisted. "We don't need a therapist," I thought. "I am the therapist." (I've since reconsidered my position). Then I started thinking about all of the therapists I've worked with over the years; A LOT of them are divorced. Even some of the therapists I know who are trained specifically in marriage and family therapy are divorced! Apparently, when it comes to relationships there are a lot of us who have a hard time practicing what we preach.
I recently stumbled upon a research study that looked into this. (The article is entitled "Do psychotherapists have better marriages than nonpsychotherapists?" and is found in the journal Psychotherapy: Theory Research, Practice, Training, Vol. 41, No. 3. The authors are Murstein and Mink). The study measured marital adjustment in couples where neither spouse was a therapist, where one spouse was a therapist, and where both spouses were therapists. Overall, they found no difference in levels of marital adjustment between couples where neither spouse was a therapist and couples with one or more therapist spouse. In other words, couples with one or more therapist spouse did not have better marital adjustment than couples with no therapist.
They broke the results down into categories and found some very interesting results. The couples with the highest indicators of marital adjustment in both partners were those composed of a therapist husband and a non-therapist wife. The lowest ratings of marital adjustment came from husbands (both therapists and non-therapists) married to therapist wives.
This is, of course, extremely relevant to me, given that my husband is married to a therapist wife. I started thinking about our "marital adjustment" and how me being a therapist affects our relationship...
Early in our marriage, my husband had a terrible habit of not telling me when I did something to upset him. Instead, he'd accumulate these instances in his mind and then throw them at me one by one whenever we had an argument. This meant that if I complained about something he did that was really upsetting me, he would respond by going through a long list of examples of things I'd done to make him angry. As a therapist, I knew he was breaking one of the cardinal rules of fair fighting: stick to the subject and stay in the present (don't bring up issues from the past). I'd tell him, "Look, you're not supposed to do that when we're arguing." The thing is, he didn't know anything about the fair fighting rules and he hadn't agreed to abide by them. I know that at times he seemed to resent me telling him how we were "supposed" to communicate with each other (especially when I didn't always follow my own "rules").
I suppose my husband might have some theories of his own. I plan to ask him. I'll let you know if he has any interesting insights.
I can't speak for all therapists; I can only speak for myself. Am I the picture of perfect mental and emotional functioning? Absolutely not. I do, however, practice what I preach. One of the reasons I am able to "sell" certain strategies to my patients is because I know from personal experience that they work. I'm a walking testimonial. I'm quite proud of this. I started out insecure and emotionally unstable. Learning to "do" therapy is an ongoing process that for me started when I got my first job out of college. From day one I started using what I learned to help myself. I've come a long way since then and I'm proud of myself.
Imagine my chagrin, then, when six months into my marriage my mother suggested that my husband and I needed marriage counseling. I resisted. "We don't need a therapist," I thought. "I am the therapist." (I've since reconsidered my position). Then I started thinking about all of the therapists I've worked with over the years; A LOT of them are divorced. Even some of the therapists I know who are trained specifically in marriage and family therapy are divorced! Apparently, when it comes to relationships there are a lot of us who have a hard time practicing what we preach.
I recently stumbled upon a research study that looked into this. (The article is entitled "Do psychotherapists have better marriages than nonpsychotherapists?" and is found in the journal Psychotherapy: Theory Research, Practice, Training, Vol. 41, No. 3. The authors are Murstein and Mink). The study measured marital adjustment in couples where neither spouse was a therapist, where one spouse was a therapist, and where both spouses were therapists. Overall, they found no difference in levels of marital adjustment between couples where neither spouse was a therapist and couples with one or more therapist spouse. In other words, couples with one or more therapist spouse did not have better marital adjustment than couples with no therapist.
They broke the results down into categories and found some very interesting results. The couples with the highest indicators of marital adjustment in both partners were those composed of a therapist husband and a non-therapist wife. The lowest ratings of marital adjustment came from husbands (both therapists and non-therapists) married to therapist wives.
This is, of course, extremely relevant to me, given that my husband is married to a therapist wife. I started thinking about our "marital adjustment" and how me being a therapist affects our relationship...
Early in our marriage, my husband had a terrible habit of not telling me when I did something to upset him. Instead, he'd accumulate these instances in his mind and then throw them at me one by one whenever we had an argument. This meant that if I complained about something he did that was really upsetting me, he would respond by going through a long list of examples of things I'd done to make him angry. As a therapist, I knew he was breaking one of the cardinal rules of fair fighting: stick to the subject and stay in the present (don't bring up issues from the past). I'd tell him, "Look, you're not supposed to do that when we're arguing." The thing is, he didn't know anything about the fair fighting rules and he hadn't agreed to abide by them. I know that at times he seemed to resent me telling him how we were "supposed" to communicate with each other (especially when I didn't always follow my own "rules").
I suppose my husband might have some theories of his own. I plan to ask him. I'll let you know if he has any interesting insights.
Sunday, March 11, 2012
Good self, bad self
I think most of us want to be a "good person," although we all have different ideas about what that means. Personally, the thing I value most in life is my relationships with the people I love. This is where I derive my sense of purpose. To me, life is meaningful because I can share it with people I love. It quite naturally follows that my ideas about being a "good person" have to do with how I treat other people (especially the people I love). Fortunately, I tend to be very lenient with myself. I don't beat myself up or decide I'm a "bad person" if I don't feel like saying good morning to the people sharing the elevator with me. I don't even judge myself harshly if I am short with (or even rude to) a telemarketer who refuses to accept that I am not interested in buying anything. Of course I strive to be at the very least respectful to other people, but I don't necessarily feel like a "bad person" when I fall short of that standard.
What does make me feel like a bad person is when I say or do something unkind or hurtful to someone I love. (Why does it seem like the people I love are also the people I am most likely to treat unkindly)? It is extremely rare for me to be intentionally hurtful or unkind, especially to people I care about. I do, however, occasionally do this unintentionally.
You see, I am a rather moody person. This is especially true when I am tired or under a lot of stress. Over the years, I've gotten pretty good at recognizing when I am feeling tired or stressed out. This allows me to avoid being around people during these periods or to at least let them know that I'm in a bad mood and to apologize in advance for being less than friendly. This works out well for most people most of the time.
About a year and a half ago, however, I got married. It is extremely difficult to simply avoid interacting with my husband when I'm tired or stressed (it's possible sometimes, but definitely not all the time). I try to let my husband know when I'm in a bad mood. Sometimes, though, I'm under a lot of stress for an extended period of time; I know it must get old for my husband to hear from me every day that I'm in a bad mood and don't want to be bothered. I wonder if there are times when he feels like he has to walk on eggshells around me.
And, of course, there are times when I snap at him or even yell at him just because I'm feeling irritable. With everyone else in my life, I can structure my time in such a way that most of the time we spend together ends up being pleasant and enjoyable. Not so with my husband. He is with me at my best and my worst. What I've discovered that perhaps I didn't realize before we got married is that me at my worst is really ugly. There is this side of me that is impatient, demanding, intolerant, and unyielding. This part of me wants everything my way and only my way. She is selfish and lacks empathy. She is inconsiderate and short tempered.
Who is this person? I don't like the inevitable answer: she's me. Or at least she's a part of me. But she's a part of me I don't like at all and when she comes out, it makes me feel like a bad person.
I suppose this is what is meant by the "shadow self." If so, then I've taken an important first step; I've forced my "shadow self" out of the shadows and into my conscious awareness. I've taken ownership of the parts of myself that I don't like. I haven't quite figured out what to do next, but I know I'll keep working on it. I will keep you posted.
What does make me feel like a bad person is when I say or do something unkind or hurtful to someone I love. (Why does it seem like the people I love are also the people I am most likely to treat unkindly)? It is extremely rare for me to be intentionally hurtful or unkind, especially to people I care about. I do, however, occasionally do this unintentionally.
You see, I am a rather moody person. This is especially true when I am tired or under a lot of stress. Over the years, I've gotten pretty good at recognizing when I am feeling tired or stressed out. This allows me to avoid being around people during these periods or to at least let them know that I'm in a bad mood and to apologize in advance for being less than friendly. This works out well for most people most of the time.
About a year and a half ago, however, I got married. It is extremely difficult to simply avoid interacting with my husband when I'm tired or stressed (it's possible sometimes, but definitely not all the time). I try to let my husband know when I'm in a bad mood. Sometimes, though, I'm under a lot of stress for an extended period of time; I know it must get old for my husband to hear from me every day that I'm in a bad mood and don't want to be bothered. I wonder if there are times when he feels like he has to walk on eggshells around me.
And, of course, there are times when I snap at him or even yell at him just because I'm feeling irritable. With everyone else in my life, I can structure my time in such a way that most of the time we spend together ends up being pleasant and enjoyable. Not so with my husband. He is with me at my best and my worst. What I've discovered that perhaps I didn't realize before we got married is that me at my worst is really ugly. There is this side of me that is impatient, demanding, intolerant, and unyielding. This part of me wants everything my way and only my way. She is selfish and lacks empathy. She is inconsiderate and short tempered.
Who is this person? I don't like the inevitable answer: she's me. Or at least she's a part of me. But she's a part of me I don't like at all and when she comes out, it makes me feel like a bad person.
I suppose this is what is meant by the "shadow self." If so, then I've taken an important first step; I've forced my "shadow self" out of the shadows and into my conscious awareness. I've taken ownership of the parts of myself that I don't like. I haven't quite figured out what to do next, but I know I'll keep working on it. I will keep you posted.
Sunday, March 4, 2012
Motivation and Emotion
"I'm not sure if I really need this treatment," a patient recently told me. "I'm feeling a lot better than I was," he explained. I looked at the symptom checklist he'd filled out before our session. "According to this, you're still feeling anxious and on guard, you're still getting angry a lot, you're still not comfortable going anywhere that's crowded, and you're still having trouble sleeping," I pointed out. My patient laughed. "You have a good point," he said.
The following week I checked in with him. "You were having some doubts about whether you needed the treatment," I recalled. "How are you feeling about that now?" The patient again expressed doubt, stating that he really is feeling a lot better. "I'm to the point where I can contain the anxiety," he explained.
This happens a lot: a person starts to feel a little better and decides he doesn't need treatment anymore. Granted, feeling better can be an indication that a patient's issues are resolved and that treatment can be terminated. More often than not, however, feeling better simply removes the motivation to continue treatment; as a result, problems are left unresolved only to resurface again at some point in the future.
So what does motivate a person to invest in treatment? Most people are motivated by emotional pain (sadness, grief, anger, anxiety, etc.). More accurately, people tend to be motivated by their desire to be rid of emotional pain. As long as the pain is there, they are willing to do the work of therapy. Once the pain abates a little bit, the focus of therapy often shifts from acute symptoms to trying to get to the root of the problem. This can mean working to change deeply ingrained mental and behavioral habits. It is often a lot of work and without the pain, many people lack the motivation.
Ironically, a patient's emotional pain can be helpful to the therapist as well. A person in pain is more likely to reveal his thoughts; these provide powerful clues as to what factors might be driving the patient's symptoms. I find that, in therapy, people tend to be very short-sighted. They tend to focus on their present experiences and their experiences from the recent past. It is not unusual for a patient to come to my office and say, "I've been feeling good for the past few weeks. I don't really have anything to talk about." It then falls upon me to try to help the patient recall the times in his life when he was not feeling good, to identify what these times have in common, and to explore what ultimately helped him to recover so that he can use these strategies again in the future. Typically, however, when a person feels good he does not want to think about feeling bad. He doesn't want to remember; he wants to forget.
I an not trying to glorify emotional pain. I am simply making the point that even negative emotions can be useful. How many people would work to change and improve themselves in the absence of emotional pain? Sure, there would be some; most, though, would have no motivation to do so.
The following week I checked in with him. "You were having some doubts about whether you needed the treatment," I recalled. "How are you feeling about that now?" The patient again expressed doubt, stating that he really is feeling a lot better. "I'm to the point where I can contain the anxiety," he explained.
This happens a lot: a person starts to feel a little better and decides he doesn't need treatment anymore. Granted, feeling better can be an indication that a patient's issues are resolved and that treatment can be terminated. More often than not, however, feeling better simply removes the motivation to continue treatment; as a result, problems are left unresolved only to resurface again at some point in the future.
So what does motivate a person to invest in treatment? Most people are motivated by emotional pain (sadness, grief, anger, anxiety, etc.). More accurately, people tend to be motivated by their desire to be rid of emotional pain. As long as the pain is there, they are willing to do the work of therapy. Once the pain abates a little bit, the focus of therapy often shifts from acute symptoms to trying to get to the root of the problem. This can mean working to change deeply ingrained mental and behavioral habits. It is often a lot of work and without the pain, many people lack the motivation.
Ironically, a patient's emotional pain can be helpful to the therapist as well. A person in pain is more likely to reveal his thoughts; these provide powerful clues as to what factors might be driving the patient's symptoms. I find that, in therapy, people tend to be very short-sighted. They tend to focus on their present experiences and their experiences from the recent past. It is not unusual for a patient to come to my office and say, "I've been feeling good for the past few weeks. I don't really have anything to talk about." It then falls upon me to try to help the patient recall the times in his life when he was not feeling good, to identify what these times have in common, and to explore what ultimately helped him to recover so that he can use these strategies again in the future. Typically, however, when a person feels good he does not want to think about feeling bad. He doesn't want to remember; he wants to forget.
I an not trying to glorify emotional pain. I am simply making the point that even negative emotions can be useful. How many people would work to change and improve themselves in the absence of emotional pain? Sure, there would be some; most, though, would have no motivation to do so.
Friday, February 24, 2012
Compatibility
I never really ascribed to the belief that when looking for love you will "just know" when you've found "the one." Honestly, it sounded like a recipe for disaster to me. The first (but certainly not the last) time someone told me that, I'd already be in love enough times to know that I tended to fall for the wrong kind of men. If I experienced the feeling of "just knowing" with a particular love interest, it was probably a sign that the man had commitment issues or was emotionally unavailable (and not that he was "the one").
There was no sense of instantly "knowing he was the one" when I first met my husband. To the contrary, there were a lot of reasons that, at the time, he was completely wrong for me. In the end, however, my husband and I discovered that we are, in many ways, quite compatible. His personality is vastly different from mine, although I wouldn't go so far as to say we are exact opposites. We share many of the same goals and values; we'd be decidedly incompatible if we didn't.
So what is it that makes us compatible? What makes any two people compatible, for that matter? A book called, "The Love Compatibility Book: The 12 Personality Traits that Can Lead You to Your Soulmate" by Hoffman and Weiner attempts to answer this question. (Find it on Amazon here: http://www.amazon.com/Love-Compatibility-Book-Personality-Soulmate/dp/1577312260). The authors suggest that there are twelve factors that determine compatibility between two people. I'm going to list them and share my thoughts but check out the book for more information.
1. Need for companionship: It helps for you and your partner to prefer about the same amount of companionship. If one of you hates being alone and wants constant companionship and the other needs a lot of alone time, this is likely to cause problems.
2. Idealism: Are you a dreamer or do you tend to be very practical? A dreamer with an extremely pragmatic partner might end up feeling like her partner is always trying to step on her dreams.
3. Emotional intensity: This is an area where the most compatible partners seem to balance one another out. It would probably create problems in a relationship for both partners to have the same level of emotional intensity -- imagine two hot heads always flying off the handle or two emotionally distant people who never share their feelings with one another. It is also probably difficult for two partners to have exact opposite amounts of emotional intensity -- imagine an emotionally intense person trying to evoke feeling from a partner who is distant and emotionally contained. As I said before, the key word when it comes to emotional intensity is balance.
4. Spontaneity: Do you like everything to be planned or do you enjoy doing things on a whim? This is another area where balance is the key.
5. Libido: How often do you feel like having sex? Differences between partners in how often they want to have sex is a VERY common problem in relationships, especially in married or co-habitating couples.
6. Nurturance: Do you like to take care of your partner or do you prefer for your partner to take care of you? Honestly, I don't think you can put this into an "either/or" category. Personally, I don't want to have to "take care" of my husband (every once in a while is ok, but not all the time); I also really don't like being "taken care of" (I can take care of myself).
7. Materialism: How much stuff do you want to have? If one partner tends to spend a lot of money on purchases that the other partner sees as wasteful it could cause problems. In my opinion, this category should be replaced with "shared financial goals" or something to that end. "Shared financial goals" seems far more relevant to compatibility than "materialism."
8. Extroversion: A person does not necessarily want a partner with the same degree of introversion or extroversion as he himself posesses. In my opinion, what is most important is that each partner allows the other to be his- or her-self.
9. Aestheticism: This refers to how much you enjoy art, music, or the beauty of nature. To me, this category seems way too specific. A more general (and, I think, relevant) category might be "shared interests." Partners should enjoy at least some of the same activities (and should pursue individual interests as well).
10. Activity level: Are you a "homebody" or do you always seem to be going somewhere or doing something? Activity level depends a lot on energy level. For example, my husband has far more energy than I do. After a few hours out and about I'm typically exhausted. My husband, on the other hand, is full of energy and ready to do something else.
11. Subjective well being: Are you an optimist or a pessimist? If you are a pessimist, are you annoyed by people who are too "peppy" or positive? If you are an optimist, do people with a negative outlook tend to bring you down? Do you want a partner that shares your outlook on life or do you want someone who can help you look at things differently?
12. Intellectualism: Do you keep up with current events? Do you read anything you can get your hands on? Do you enjoy a good conversation about public policy, world history, the state of American society (or whatever it is you happen to be interested in)? I think it is also important to consider intelligence. People tend to select partners with levels of intelligence similar to their own.
I know, I've said A LOT more than I usually do. So I'm done, for now;-)
There was no sense of instantly "knowing he was the one" when I first met my husband. To the contrary, there were a lot of reasons that, at the time, he was completely wrong for me. In the end, however, my husband and I discovered that we are, in many ways, quite compatible. His personality is vastly different from mine, although I wouldn't go so far as to say we are exact opposites. We share many of the same goals and values; we'd be decidedly incompatible if we didn't.
So what is it that makes us compatible? What makes any two people compatible, for that matter? A book called, "The Love Compatibility Book: The 12 Personality Traits that Can Lead You to Your Soulmate" by Hoffman and Weiner attempts to answer this question. (Find it on Amazon here: http://www.amazon.com/Love-Compatibility-Book-Personality-Soulmate/dp/1577312260). The authors suggest that there are twelve factors that determine compatibility between two people. I'm going to list them and share my thoughts but check out the book for more information.
1. Need for companionship: It helps for you and your partner to prefer about the same amount of companionship. If one of you hates being alone and wants constant companionship and the other needs a lot of alone time, this is likely to cause problems.
2. Idealism: Are you a dreamer or do you tend to be very practical? A dreamer with an extremely pragmatic partner might end up feeling like her partner is always trying to step on her dreams.
3. Emotional intensity: This is an area where the most compatible partners seem to balance one another out. It would probably create problems in a relationship for both partners to have the same level of emotional intensity -- imagine two hot heads always flying off the handle or two emotionally distant people who never share their feelings with one another. It is also probably difficult for two partners to have exact opposite amounts of emotional intensity -- imagine an emotionally intense person trying to evoke feeling from a partner who is distant and emotionally contained. As I said before, the key word when it comes to emotional intensity is balance.
4. Spontaneity: Do you like everything to be planned or do you enjoy doing things on a whim? This is another area where balance is the key.
5. Libido: How often do you feel like having sex? Differences between partners in how often they want to have sex is a VERY common problem in relationships, especially in married or co-habitating couples.
6. Nurturance: Do you like to take care of your partner or do you prefer for your partner to take care of you? Honestly, I don't think you can put this into an "either/or" category. Personally, I don't want to have to "take care" of my husband (every once in a while is ok, but not all the time); I also really don't like being "taken care of" (I can take care of myself).
7. Materialism: How much stuff do you want to have? If one partner tends to spend a lot of money on purchases that the other partner sees as wasteful it could cause problems. In my opinion, this category should be replaced with "shared financial goals" or something to that end. "Shared financial goals" seems far more relevant to compatibility than "materialism."
8. Extroversion: A person does not necessarily want a partner with the same degree of introversion or extroversion as he himself posesses. In my opinion, what is most important is that each partner allows the other to be his- or her-self.
9. Aestheticism: This refers to how much you enjoy art, music, or the beauty of nature. To me, this category seems way too specific. A more general (and, I think, relevant) category might be "shared interests." Partners should enjoy at least some of the same activities (and should pursue individual interests as well).
10. Activity level: Are you a "homebody" or do you always seem to be going somewhere or doing something? Activity level depends a lot on energy level. For example, my husband has far more energy than I do. After a few hours out and about I'm typically exhausted. My husband, on the other hand, is full of energy and ready to do something else.
11. Subjective well being: Are you an optimist or a pessimist? If you are a pessimist, are you annoyed by people who are too "peppy" or positive? If you are an optimist, do people with a negative outlook tend to bring you down? Do you want a partner that shares your outlook on life or do you want someone who can help you look at things differently?
12. Intellectualism: Do you keep up with current events? Do you read anything you can get your hands on? Do you enjoy a good conversation about public policy, world history, the state of American society (or whatever it is you happen to be interested in)? I think it is also important to consider intelligence. People tend to select partners with levels of intelligence similar to their own.
I know, I've said A LOT more than I usually do. So I'm done, for now;-)
Sunday, February 19, 2012
Intuition
Intuition is a primarily unconscious process; we are not aware of it happening as it is taking place. We have accumulated a great body of knowledge from our past experiences; this knowledge is stored in our long term memory. When faced with a given situation, we subconsciously evaluate it to identify its most important elements. We compare these elements with any similar or related pieces of information stored in our long term memory reserves. Again, all of this takes place outside of our conscious awareness. What we are consciously aware of is the outcome of the intuitive process: a "gut feeling."
It is difficult, if not impossible, to rationally analyze intuition. In fact, when a person has made a choice based on intuition, he is usually not able to explain why he made that choice. Just because it is not amenable to rational analysis, however, does not mean that intuition is an irrational process. In fact, research has shown that how reliable your intuition is in a given subject area depends upon the degree of your past knowledge and experience in that area. Reliable intuition, then, is gained from experience. The more experience you have in a given area, the more you can use your intuition in related situations to guide decision making.
When I decided to write about intuition, what I really wanted to know was how a person can go about improving his or her intuition. It seems the most obvious way is through experience, which takes time. Outside of this, I was not able to find very much information about how to improve intuition. I therefore decided that I should try to generate my own suggestions for doing this.
Everyone has intuition. We differ in how readily we recognize it, how comfortable we are with it, and how confident we are of its reliability. There are definitely people who rely too heavily on their intuition; there are also people who completely ignore their "gut feelings."
It seems logical to me that the first step in developing one's intuition is to start to recognize the product of the intuitive process (i.e., a "gut feeling") whenever it occurs. Pay attention to the times when you "have a feeling" about something but can't really say why. Take notice when you have a strong negative or positive reaction to someone or something without understanding why. Make a conscious effort to attend to your initial impressions of people and places. Notice your hunches, especially those that ultimately prove to be accurate. Become familiar with the physical sensations that accompany your "gut feelings."
The next step in improving intuition would be to begin to use it as information when you are making decisions. This doesn't necessarily mean to start "following your gut" in everything you do. Rather, you should simply be aware of what your "gut" is telling you about a given situation.
When considering your "gut feeling" as information when you make decisions, it is important to be aware of your weaknesses. You need to be aware of your weaknesses so you can determine exactly how to use the information provided by you "gut feeling." Know what your weaknesses are. If you have a tendency to consistently over-react to a certain type of situation then your "gut feeling" about this type of situation is probably an over-reaction. This is important information. Recognize that your intuition is probably skewing your judgment. Either adjust your actions accordingly or seek feedback from someone you trust before deciding what to do. If you have a history of being attracted to the wrong types of friends or romantic partners then be aware of this; you might consider doing the exact opposite of what your intuition suggests in this type of situation. In short, recognize the areas in which your intuition is not likely to be reliable. That doesn't mean to ignore your "gut feeling" in these areas; you can still use it as information, even if that information is, "I should probably do the opposite of what I feel in this situation."
Also be aware of your strengths. Do not, however, be over-confident. People who are right 9 times out of 10 are still wrong 10% of the time. The more strongly you believe in the "rightness" of your decision the more resistant you will be to feedback that suggests your decision was, in fact, wrong. This makes it more difficult to identify and correct your mistakes.
What are your suggestions for improving intuition?
It is difficult, if not impossible, to rationally analyze intuition. In fact, when a person has made a choice based on intuition, he is usually not able to explain why he made that choice. Just because it is not amenable to rational analysis, however, does not mean that intuition is an irrational process. In fact, research has shown that how reliable your intuition is in a given subject area depends upon the degree of your past knowledge and experience in that area. Reliable intuition, then, is gained from experience. The more experience you have in a given area, the more you can use your intuition in related situations to guide decision making.
When I decided to write about intuition, what I really wanted to know was how a person can go about improving his or her intuition. It seems the most obvious way is through experience, which takes time. Outside of this, I was not able to find very much information about how to improve intuition. I therefore decided that I should try to generate my own suggestions for doing this.
Everyone has intuition. We differ in how readily we recognize it, how comfortable we are with it, and how confident we are of its reliability. There are definitely people who rely too heavily on their intuition; there are also people who completely ignore their "gut feelings."
It seems logical to me that the first step in developing one's intuition is to start to recognize the product of the intuitive process (i.e., a "gut feeling") whenever it occurs. Pay attention to the times when you "have a feeling" about something but can't really say why. Take notice when you have a strong negative or positive reaction to someone or something without understanding why. Make a conscious effort to attend to your initial impressions of people and places. Notice your hunches, especially those that ultimately prove to be accurate. Become familiar with the physical sensations that accompany your "gut feelings."
The next step in improving intuition would be to begin to use it as information when you are making decisions. This doesn't necessarily mean to start "following your gut" in everything you do. Rather, you should simply be aware of what your "gut" is telling you about a given situation.
When considering your "gut feeling" as information when you make decisions, it is important to be aware of your weaknesses. You need to be aware of your weaknesses so you can determine exactly how to use the information provided by you "gut feeling." Know what your weaknesses are. If you have a tendency to consistently over-react to a certain type of situation then your "gut feeling" about this type of situation is probably an over-reaction. This is important information. Recognize that your intuition is probably skewing your judgment. Either adjust your actions accordingly or seek feedback from someone you trust before deciding what to do. If you have a history of being attracted to the wrong types of friends or romantic partners then be aware of this; you might consider doing the exact opposite of what your intuition suggests in this type of situation. In short, recognize the areas in which your intuition is not likely to be reliable. That doesn't mean to ignore your "gut feeling" in these areas; you can still use it as information, even if that information is, "I should probably do the opposite of what I feel in this situation."
Also be aware of your strengths. Do not, however, be over-confident. People who are right 9 times out of 10 are still wrong 10% of the time. The more strongly you believe in the "rightness" of your decision the more resistant you will be to feedback that suggests your decision was, in fact, wrong. This makes it more difficult to identify and correct your mistakes.
What are your suggestions for improving intuition?
Sunday, February 12, 2012
Self Dialog
I admit it: I talk to myself. And quite frankly, I don't see anything wrong with it. In fact, I actually encourage my patients to talk to themselves. Honestly, I suspect most people talk to themselves anyway; some do it out loud and some do it mentally. It pretty much amounts to the same thing.
So yes, I talk to myself. Sometimes it's just mental chatter (e.g., wondering if I remembered to lock the door, asking myself what in the world the lady that just walked by was wearing; planning my weekend, remembering something that happened last month or last year, etc.). Sometimes I have full conversations with myself; sometimes, I have arguments with myself. A typical argument taking place in my mind might go as follows:
Me #1: God, you look terrible this morning. Maybe it's because you're getting old. You did just turn 30.
Me #2: You know, it really isn't very nice to say things like that to yourself. It does't make you feel any better. Besides, you look fine. And 30 isn't old.
Me #1: I'm not being mean to myself, I'm just being honest.
Me #2: No, you're not being honest. You're being judgmental and unkind.
Me #1: Well I'm sorry if you can't handle the truth. Get over it.
Me #2: I will not get over it. Why don't you get over it?
Me #3: Why don't you both get over it. This conversation is over. Now stop looking at yourself in the mirror and finish getting ready.
I sometimes share this little anecdote with my patients; it usually gets a laugh. I laugh too because, after all, it is kind of funny. But I also let them know that I'm serious; it really is okay to have these kinds of conversations with yourself.
Initially, my advice to my patients was not based upon any scientific evidence or clinical practice theory. Instead, it was based upon experience. I know from my own experience that talking to yourself -- and sometimes talking back to yourself -- can be a powerful change agent.
Recently I discovered, quite by accident, that there is actually a theory to support the knowledge that I've gained from personal experience. The theory is called dialogical self theory. This theory asserts that for each person there is not one self, but many. These separate selves communicate (or dialog) with one another to maintain psychological stability, thereby creating the illusion of a single, unified self identity. From this perspective, there is no core self in charge of integrating and making sense of all of our experiences, beliefs, emotions, and perceptions. Rather, there are multiple selves that work together to make sense of these things.
So what exactly are these separate "selves?" There are actually several opinions about this, depending on who you ask. Some dialogical self theorists conceptualize these separate "selves" as internalized representations of the important figures in our lives. These internalizations are like templates that contain the norms, values, and beliefs of our early caregivers, culture, peer group, religion, etc. Other theorists conceive of these "selves" as past, present, and future versions of our personal identities. Still others visualize these "selves" as sub-selves called "I-positions," each with a different voice representing different aspects of an individual's identity. Others see these "selves" as "sub-personalities," some of which are more conscious than others.
Despite these differing views, there is one thing that all dialogical self theorists seem to agree on: what we perceive as a core "self is really a collection of parts. These different parts communicate with one another, often through dialog (hence the name dialogical self theory). It is therefore normal and in fact necessary to engage in internal dialog in order to preserve psychological stability and to maintain a sense of individual identity.
I think intuitively we all know this. We have all, at some point, probably said, "Part of me thinks...but another part wants to..." We have no difficulty conceptualizing ourselves as being made up of different parts. So why shouldn't these parts talk to each other? It is common knowledge that communication is the key to a good relationship. In order to have a good relationship with yourself, then, it is important for all of the parts of you to communicate.
So yes, I talk to myself. Sometimes it's just mental chatter (e.g., wondering if I remembered to lock the door, asking myself what in the world the lady that just walked by was wearing; planning my weekend, remembering something that happened last month or last year, etc.). Sometimes I have full conversations with myself; sometimes, I have arguments with myself. A typical argument taking place in my mind might go as follows:
Me #1: God, you look terrible this morning. Maybe it's because you're getting old. You did just turn 30.
Me #2: You know, it really isn't very nice to say things like that to yourself. It does't make you feel any better. Besides, you look fine. And 30 isn't old.
Me #1: I'm not being mean to myself, I'm just being honest.
Me #2: No, you're not being honest. You're being judgmental and unkind.
Me #1: Well I'm sorry if you can't handle the truth. Get over it.
Me #2: I will not get over it. Why don't you get over it?
Me #3: Why don't you both get over it. This conversation is over. Now stop looking at yourself in the mirror and finish getting ready.
I sometimes share this little anecdote with my patients; it usually gets a laugh. I laugh too because, after all, it is kind of funny. But I also let them know that I'm serious; it really is okay to have these kinds of conversations with yourself.
Initially, my advice to my patients was not based upon any scientific evidence or clinical practice theory. Instead, it was based upon experience. I know from my own experience that talking to yourself -- and sometimes talking back to yourself -- can be a powerful change agent.
Recently I discovered, quite by accident, that there is actually a theory to support the knowledge that I've gained from personal experience. The theory is called dialogical self theory. This theory asserts that for each person there is not one self, but many. These separate selves communicate (or dialog) with one another to maintain psychological stability, thereby creating the illusion of a single, unified self identity. From this perspective, there is no core self in charge of integrating and making sense of all of our experiences, beliefs, emotions, and perceptions. Rather, there are multiple selves that work together to make sense of these things.
So what exactly are these separate "selves?" There are actually several opinions about this, depending on who you ask. Some dialogical self theorists conceptualize these separate "selves" as internalized representations of the important figures in our lives. These internalizations are like templates that contain the norms, values, and beliefs of our early caregivers, culture, peer group, religion, etc. Other theorists conceive of these "selves" as past, present, and future versions of our personal identities. Still others visualize these "selves" as sub-selves called "I-positions," each with a different voice representing different aspects of an individual's identity. Others see these "selves" as "sub-personalities," some of which are more conscious than others.
Despite these differing views, there is one thing that all dialogical self theorists seem to agree on: what we perceive as a core "self is really a collection of parts. These different parts communicate with one another, often through dialog (hence the name dialogical self theory). It is therefore normal and in fact necessary to engage in internal dialog in order to preserve psychological stability and to maintain a sense of individual identity.
I think intuitively we all know this. We have all, at some point, probably said, "Part of me thinks...but another part wants to..." We have no difficulty conceptualizing ourselves as being made up of different parts. So why shouldn't these parts talk to each other? It is common knowledge that communication is the key to a good relationship. In order to have a good relationship with yourself, then, it is important for all of the parts of you to communicate.
Sunday, February 5, 2012
Does your name say anything about who you are?
Human language is necessary for reflecting upon and giving meaning to the world we perceive. Language enables us to identify objects that are not present, to refer to sensations that are not tangible, to recall experiences that took place in the past, and to envision a future that has not yet occurred.
Naming is one of the processes through which language assigns meaning to the world around us. Naming an object, a person, or a concept allows two people to refer to something that neither can see and yet both be able to understand what is being referenced.
When a child is born, he is given a name. To give a child a name is to endow him with a unique identity in the eyes of other people. This occurs long before the child develops any sense of personal identity. A person's name, then, begins to first impact his identity in the way others respond to it. Research has consistently demonstrated that people react emotionally to a person's name, even before ever meeting that person. The way others respond to one's name in turn affect how others react to the person himself, even if only in subtle ways. These reactions ultimately play a role in shaping the way an individual comes to think about himself (i.e., his self concept).
For example, some children have names that make them targets for ridicule by their peers. (For instance, I recall feeling particularly bad for a classmate in high school with the unfortunate name of Harry Johnson). Recent research has shown that boys with names that are traditionally associated with females do fine during early childhood but have, on average, a significantly higher rate of behavioral problems in middle school compared to their peers. College-aged women with names traditionally associated with males are statistically more likely to take classes in math and/or science than their peers with more "feminine" names (who tend to take classes in liberal arts). Other studies have shown that teachers respond differently to children with names they associate with low socioeconomic status. Specifically, they have lower expectations of these students than they do of their peers. Research has also found that adolescent boys with "unpopular" names are more likely to be involved in the juvenile justice system than their otherwise similar peers. These are just a few examples of how our names influence the way others perceive us.
So do our names define us? Well no, not exactly. There is far more to a person than his or her name. Our names do, however, play a role in how others define us and in how we come to define ourselves.
Naming is one of the processes through which language assigns meaning to the world around us. Naming an object, a person, or a concept allows two people to refer to something that neither can see and yet both be able to understand what is being referenced.
When a child is born, he is given a name. To give a child a name is to endow him with a unique identity in the eyes of other people. This occurs long before the child develops any sense of personal identity. A person's name, then, begins to first impact his identity in the way others respond to it. Research has consistently demonstrated that people react emotionally to a person's name, even before ever meeting that person. The way others respond to one's name in turn affect how others react to the person himself, even if only in subtle ways. These reactions ultimately play a role in shaping the way an individual comes to think about himself (i.e., his self concept).
For example, some children have names that make them targets for ridicule by their peers. (For instance, I recall feeling particularly bad for a classmate in high school with the unfortunate name of Harry Johnson). Recent research has shown that boys with names that are traditionally associated with females do fine during early childhood but have, on average, a significantly higher rate of behavioral problems in middle school compared to their peers. College-aged women with names traditionally associated with males are statistically more likely to take classes in math and/or science than their peers with more "feminine" names (who tend to take classes in liberal arts). Other studies have shown that teachers respond differently to children with names they associate with low socioeconomic status. Specifically, they have lower expectations of these students than they do of their peers. Research has also found that adolescent boys with "unpopular" names are more likely to be involved in the juvenile justice system than their otherwise similar peers. These are just a few examples of how our names influence the way others perceive us.
So do our names define us? Well no, not exactly. There is far more to a person than his or her name. Our names do, however, play a role in how others define us and in how we come to define ourselves.
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